Security Site Survey - 1014 Words

SECURITY SITE SURVEY REPORT The DeVry Corporate Center The security survey at the DeVry Corporate Center was conducted on June 10, 2013, by Christian Moreno who was retained by the DeVry University for this purpose. Information set forth in this report was obtained from Gregory Smith, Executive Vice President amp; Chief Financial Officer, and from David Davis, Facilities Manager, and from personal observations of Thomas Brown during the inspection of this facility. This report is intended as a detailed audit of all phases of the DeVry Corporate Center security operations and a review and evaluation of those areas and activities most vulnerable to the theft or safety risks. Neither the DeVry†¦show more content†¦* Campus security has a copy of the evacuation plan. * The Student Handbook includes emergency phone numbers for students, faculty and staff. * Displays of safety/security information are set up in the Lobby, Student Services Office and/or the Student Commons. * School publications are used as a forum for topi cs on the necessity of taking control of personal safety. * Procedures for informing appropriate personnel of any emergencies and emergency evacuation procedures are available in each department. Alarm System There is an alarm system installed but since the company operates around the clock there has never been the need to activate it. There are two emergency exits which are alarmed and clearly labeled. Closed Circuit Television [CCTV] There are sixteen closed circuit digital color cameras and the file is maintained for a period of thirty days. The monitors are located in the Facilities Manger’s office and at the receptionist’s desk. Another monitor is located in the vault area to allow employees there to view the lobby outside the shipping/receiving area. Visitors – Visitor Log Visitors are required to sign in a log at the receptionist’s desk and wear a visitor badge while on the premises. Recommendation The implementation of Universal Access Cards would allow anShow MoreRelatedAssignment 1768 Words   |  4 Pagesour Team will be utilizing Surveys and Brainstorming plus; other various options to help resolve JEH’s issues and needs. Although, before we can resolve their Business Need, we would need to send one of our Onsite Technicians to JEH to perform a Site Survey and document their Existing Network Structure. This individual will also need to document JEH’s Physical Premises Layout, so we can determine where and what new equipment is needed and can be installed. Our Site Survey Categories will be consistingRead MorePark Community Library : Security Plan1429 Words   |  6 PagesLibrary – Security Plan Photo: Library Entrance Photo: Arial View,  © Google 2014 The Severna Park Community Library is located at 45 West McKinsey Road, Severna Park, Maryland. Built in 1972 (AACPL Facilities Master Plan, 2011). The Library is the fourth largest of Anne Arundel County’s regional libraries with over 24,474 cardholders (Roche, 2014). The following â€Å"Security Plan† is based on information gathered during my security survey conductedRead More The Role of Trust in Internet Privacy Essay examples1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the he may be recognized in subsequent visits to the site. On each return visit, the site can call up user-specific information, which could include the consumers preferences or interests, as indicated by documents the consumer accessed in prior visits or items the consumer clicked on while in the site. Websites can also collect information about consumers through hidden electronic navigational software that captures information about site visits, including web pages visited and information downloadedRead MoreS cope Statement1341 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Project Title: Project Management Intranet Site ProjectDate: February 19, 2013 Prepared by: Joe Schmoe | Project Justification†Tanner Blutig, CEO of Conglomerated Chaos Systems, Incorporated (CCSI), initiated the concept of this project being undertaken in order to assist the company in meeting its strategic goals. By utilizing the company’s current pool of experience and high level of expertise, the new intranet site will increase visibility of the company’s leading edge technologyRead MoreWeb Application Of Web Applications1162 Words   |  5 PagesWEB APPLICATION SECURITY Table of Contents Introduction to Web Application†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....04 Web Application Attacks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦04 Common Application Attacks†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 Injection Vulnerability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...06 Cross-Site Scripting†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...07 Broken Authentication and Session Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.07 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.08 List of Tables and Figures Web Application Exposed StructureRead MoreWhy Companies Have A Right For Monitor Employees Use Of The Internet While On Company Time1744 Words   |  7 PagesThese actions include downloading infected files or accessing untrusted or unknown Internet sites. The monitoring of Internet activity along with regular scanning of company computers, including the files and documents it contains, helps protect not only the computer equipment but any secure information that can potentially be harmed or even extracted by attacks or computer hackers. When users visit a Web site, they may be asked to provide specific registration information, which can be used to createRead MoreLab Report970 Words   |  4 PagesCE3.13 Since I had previous experiences in using the survey software, I recommended the usage of Ekahau site survey. Even though there are different survey tools were available in the market, the reason I selected this tool is that it facilitates WLAN planning at the pre-deployment st age. I advised Mr. Surya, who was the lead systems engineer, to use of this tool for the detection of the coverage holes and co-channel interference zones in the various location of campus. Ekahau wireless adapter wasRead MoreThe Potential Threats And Risks That Have Home And Corporate Wifi Networks Can Provide The Desirable Level Of Security1320 Words   |  6 PagesIV. Overview of the many possible threats/risks that both home and corporate WIFI networks will need to overcome to provide the desirable level of security. A. Data Interception – anything that spreads outside your house or business can possibly be captured by non-authorized recipients. This can be done within a couple hundred feet or even much farther with a directional antennas used. (Phifer, 2010) B. Denial of Service - WIFI is by its nature completely vulnerable to DoS. One of the issuesRead MoreThe Access Control System For Providing Physical Security1305 Words   |  6 PagesTO PROVIDE PHYSICAL SECURITY? Introduction In the present world, the Access Control System is used in all the places where it is intended that a system should allow the authorized persons to get in or leave the facilities as and when required and also to keep a record about these movements. Basically it determines who is allowed to enter or exit; similarly allowed to exit or enter even with the time when they are allowed to enter or exit. In the past, the same job could have been partially doneRead MoreCyber Criminals And The Internet1461 Words   |  6 Pagesthe user in getting their computer cleaned up from virus. Once the attacker gets the access of users computer they try to insert or click on the links the keeps an eye on the users activities and when the user go to his banking site or any other sensitive sites the attacker can get all the user credentials The sole intention of the attacker in the above three scenarios is to get access into the user’s computer. If once the attacker is successful in that they can look at the user’s online

Should Same Sex Marriage Affect Traditional Family Values

Imagine not being able to bear your own child. The only way you can have the family you have always dreamed of is to adopt a child from the foster care system. You visit a foster home, and there she is; The little girl you have always dreamed of having. Little Suzie is perfect for you, and you want nothing more than to bring her home, except you run into a big problem, you are not married. Not only are you not married, but you cannot even get married because you are gay. Now not only has Little Suzie lost the opportunity to have a happy, healthy, and loving forever home but you are devastated. What do you do now? The state you reside in does not allow homosexuals to get married. How are you going to build a family of your own? Why are some Americans for the legalization of gay marriage, while others are totally against it? Some say same-sex marriage threatens traditional family values, but others argue that gay couples deserve the same rights as all Americans. Because gay marriage is so controversial, lawmakers should carefully take into consideration the multiple viewpoints before making any decisions about whether or not gay marriage should be legalized. Many opponents argue that homosexual marriage will lead to more non-traditional relationships such as incest, beastiality, and polygamy. In the Gay Rights and Marriage database article they state that, â€Å"According to many opponents, the cause of gay rights is not about gaining equal treatment for all; rather, it is aboutShow MoreRelatedShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized in the United States Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesDebate Paper Should same sex marriage be legalized in the United States? In some of our states laws have already been passed to allow same sex couples the freedom to get married, while other states are still resisting for one reason or another. As with everything else there is more than one side, more than one argument supporting and more than one argument resisting the changes being proposed. There are religious reasons, moral reasons, constitutional reasons and financial reasons being used by bothRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesEqual marriage has always been a contentious issue in society. The legalisation of same sex marriage in New Zealand in August 2013 via the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act has been a source of pride for those in some parts of our society and a source of horror for those in other parts. This issue split the country, and those in power, right down the middle, with some people taking sides that didn’t necessarily align with what would be expected of their political leanings. The issueRead MoreMarriage, Family, And Religion1687 Words   |  7 Pages Marriage, Family, and Religion Omar De La Garza Texas AM International University Abstract The institutions of marriage and family are fundamental concepts to the functioning of our present day society. In this paper, marriage and family and their changes over time will be discussed. Topics such as religion, which plays an important role is the development and changes of ideas regarding these two topics will be approached as well as the social changes due to tradition and theRead MoreLegalizing Same-Sex Marriage1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Marriage plays a fundamental role in civil society because it is characterized by sexual complementarity, monogamy, exclusive, and permanence† (Anderson). Legalizing same-sex marriage would affect every aspect ethically and morally, resulting in an unacceptable outcome. Therefore same-sex marriage should not be considered respectable and adequate in any lifestyle. Same-sex marriage is the union between partners of the same sex, whether it is a male and a male or a female and another female. TraditionalRead Moreshould same sex marriage be legalized in hk?1052 Words   |  5 Pages THESIS STATMENT: SAME SEX MARRIAGE SHOULD NOT BE LEGALIZED IN HONG KONG In 2013, there are 0.7 percent of all population in the world is homosexuality. ( Posner, 2013 ). There also are many protest demonstration to raise public awareness about against discrimination in homosexuality or fight for legal homosexual marriage. Getting raised, the homosexual marriage is a controversial topic to the society. The essay argues that homosexual marriage is not legal in traditional culture and economicRead Moreâ€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized† Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesID Number: 2009-5699 Teacher: Emilia Gracia Final Draft: Essay 3. â€Å"Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized†. July 18th 2012. Same-Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized. As we know, same-sex marriage has been discussed and argued for a long time. Within the controversial topic of gay rights, there’s no area more controversial than same-sex marriage. And all of us ask ourselves if same-sex marriage should be legal or not. But the fact is that we have to start thinking about it asRead MoreSexuality As A Social Experience1249 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Sexuality, it refers to â€Å"aspects of the body and desire that are linked to the erotic.† (Macionis and Plummer, 2012) For many societies, sex or sexuality has long been seen as a taboo. They think that talking or discussing sexuality is an ignominious thing. Under this atmosphere, the societies will recognize sexuality as a private matter, which cannot openly discuss and even mention in the public area. However, is sexuality as a â€Å"real† private matter?    Many people think that sexualityRead MoreEssay about Gay Marriage Does NOT Destroy Traditional Marriage1703 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Marriage is defined as the legal union of a man and a woman. According to Psychology Today, marriage is the process by which two people who love each other make their relationship public, official, and permanent. While given the definition of marriage and most of society making same sex marriage nearly impossible; Psychology Today recognizes that â€Å"any† two people who love each other can come together and be united. In 1970, in Minnesota, the first gay couple to apply for a marriageRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should NOT Be Allowed Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pages Marriage is legally defined as, a contract made in due form of law, by which a free man and a free woman reciprocally engage to live with each other during their joint lives, in the union which ought to exist between husband and wife. Many liberals argue that gay marr iage should be legal in the United States. In the following essay I will attempt to argue why marriage between the same sexes is immoral and unjust. The first point I will talk about is how marriage is a traditional bond betweenRead MoreAnalysis of Koppelmans Arguement in Support of Same Sex Marriage948 Words   |  4 Pagesfew decades, the question of allowing for same-sex marriage is a recurring topic of controversy. In the houses of same-sex couples, the need for equal rights is of great importance. Currently, many states ban the marriage of same-sex couples and do not view a marriage between same-sex couples as an official marriage. These states quote the Constitutional definition of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. Therefore, with this definition, the marriage of a man and a man or a woman and a woman

Piano Industry, Prp Free Essays

Porter Five Forces: The piano industry. Threat of substitute products or services: LOW A portable keyboard can be regarded as a substitute but those interested in buying a piano are interested in superior sound, better performance, good looks and elegance. The keyboard has none of these. We will write a custom essay sample on Piano Industry, Prp or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is complicated to sell a piano and move it in order to put a keyboard. Threat of new competition: MEDIUM-LOW The capital investment in a piano factory is very high. The market already is filled with competitors that dominate the global market. Brand recognition is also a hard asset to aquire in the piano industry. Pianos are a luxury product that could make an entrant suffer a lot in the even of an economic downturn. Other local Chinese piano manufacturers could potentially become significant competition. Bargaining power of customers: HIGH A piano is a high end product with many different brand offerings. Customers have a large bargaining power driving the margins down. PRP has made this clear by driving prices down by offering a good product at a better price. Bargaining power of suppliers: LOW The suppliers hold no proprietary materials that the piano makers require. Most of the materials are commodity products such as wood and those that are more developed like keys are becoming easier to manufacture in house due to the drop in ease and cost of the machinery required to do so. Intensity of competitive rivalry: HIGH The entrance of companies such as PRP is evidence of the incredibly competitive market the piano industry is. New drastic tactics and strategies like sponsored players that can only use their products in their performances or manufacturing outside their usual territories into asian sites also shows the competitive nature of the business. How to cite Piano Industry, Prp, Papers

2009 Sayanoâ€Shushenskaya power station accident case study free essay sample

1.Introduction 1.1.Brief Dam Description Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station was biggest hydroelectric power station ever built in Russia history, and also the sixth biggest in the worth, which is located on the Yenisei River, near Sayanogorsk in Khakassia.[3]The plant operated ten hydro turbines, made total 6,400 MW of output, average annual produced 23.5 TWH,which peaked in 2006 at 26.8TWH. Its arch gravity dam is 246 meters high ,1,066 meters long, and 110 meters of base width. [10]In addition, it was built strong enough to withstand earthquakes of up to 8 on Richter scale. 1.2.Regional Powerhouse Background[3] RusHydro Public Corp, owner of the dam, is the leading power company in Russia as private sector, although most of its shares owned by Russian government. It was first established in December 2004 and become second-largest hydroelectric power company in the world. The energy generated by SSH was about 25% of RusHydro energy production for Russia and Siberia. On top of that,70% of Rushydro energy contribute to aluminum production of the world through United company Rusal’s aluminum smelters. We will write a custom essay sample on 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1.3.Follow The Timeline[3] Accident of august 17 wasn’t first big accident at SSH.From 1978 to 1987,all 10 units of turbine were placed into operation in turn. [10]In March 1979,with Unit 1 and Unit 2 already in operation, a large spring flood overfilled the reservoir and rushed over the running generators and transformers. After 4 months damages were recovered and the units were restarted. There were also two more spring flood attacks in 1985 and 1988 respectively. 2 2.Throughout The Disaster[1] 2.1.Power Plant Operation Before Disaster[3] August 16,2009. As usual generating schedule practices, all possible units at SSH were online and providing the grid with baseload and regulating power, including Unit 2. Meanwhile, Bratsk hydro plant ,which is located 500 miles to the northeast was operating in regulating mode under the control of automactic load-frequency control system(ALFCS), which is overseen by Siberian Unified Dispatching Control Center(UDCC). At 8:31pm,fire alarm tripped at Bratsk plant. Fire compromised communication lines connecting Bratsk and Siberian UDCC and disabled regulating mode.UDCC ordered SSH to replace Bratsk in providing load frequency regulation. SSH staff executed order and put most SSH units under direct control of ALFCS at Siberian UDCC. At 11:14pm UDCC decided to start unit 2 which was originally in reserve state to provide power regulating services. 2.2.The Beginning Of Disaster[3] On August 17 2009,Units 1,2,4,5,7,and 9 were in regulation mode with Units 3,8,and 10 generating baseload power while Unit 6 was undergoing maintenance and not in operation. Normally 12 operators only staffed the turbine gallery, but this day more than 100 workers present performing repair work. All SSH units were operating with a power setting out of recommended zone as per their turbines specifications, producing excessive vibration. Unit 2 as result of pushed back into service made extraordinarily high level of vibration as well as dangerous level. The technician in shift could feel the vibration of roof, as it grew louder and turned into thunderous roar, who scrambled off the roof immediately. [4]At 8:13am, two massive explosion taken place consecutively and room went black out, according to security guard Aleksandr Kataytsev who was one level below turbine hall. 2.3.During The Disaster First, the 1860 tons turbine cover was blown off, leaving the Unit 2 turbine in its pit with its wicket gate and head gate opened. At 212 m water head pressure from the dam ejected turbine rotor from the pit as it was continuing to spin and flew across the gallery, further destroyed the surroundings. [4]The penstock water geysered out of vacant shaft at a rate of 67600 gallons per second acted as massive industrial waterjet cut through metal joists ,thus collapsed the roof. The water flood pits of nearby units causing further turbine failures. Electrical short circuits forced all units to emergency shut down along with in house power supply system. Due to power failure ,plant’s automatic safety system failed to shut down Units 7 and 9, for which still operated at full speed ,in excess of 142rpm, triggering the crackling short circuits and explosion in their vicinity. Related scene had been captured into cell phone camera video. 3 2.4.People On The Scene Water was washing away people form turbine gallery into the Yenisei river. Some of them were later caught and rescued, but unfortunately some were not. [3]The staff later learned that proper emergency exits didn’t exist. Water continued to pour into the hall, flooding lower levels and eventually submerged other Units. As the water lever rose, employees stampeded toward the main entrance. Fearing a total collapse of the dam ,many phoned relatives downstream and urged them to seek shelters. [4]Even among the fleeing workers were supervisors in charge of safety and emergencies, which added to the confusion and chaos. Others led employees to safety using cell phones as flashlights. Except for Unit 5 gate, the remaining 8 units ‘s wicket and head gates could not be closed remotely. SSH chief engineer later ordered to close all head gates manually. At 9:30 a.m, five men struggled to work in the dark with flashlight, managed to seal all the gates successfully. The work had been toughened where no keys available for head gates control room, so metal doors had to be smashed. 2.5.After The Disaster Within first hours after accident, the Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense directed rescuers from across the country to SSH for finding and rescuing survivors.Withing 24 hours, more than 1500 rescue workers arrived and began working. Fourteen survivors were rescued the operation. Rescue teams also used special chemical by helicopters to congeal industrial oil spread to the river, and removed them from water afterwards. Environmental damage caused by these oil spills was minimized. 4 3.Root Cause Investigation 3.1.Unit 2 Turbine Defects After accident, Russia’s Federal Service for Ecological,Technologica, and Nuclear Supervision (Rostekhnadzor) launched an investigation. [2]Official report was released on Oct.3. According to the report, Unit 2 started having problems shortly after its installation due to defects in its seals and shaft vibrations. The cavities and crack on the turbine wheel were completely reconditioned in 2000. [5]Nevertheless, it continued to have problems and underwent further repairs in 2005 and 2009. [4]From January to March 2009, repairs were conducted and new automatic control system was installed as well. On March 16, the repaired turbine resumed operation but didn’t work right. The amplitude of the machine’s vibrations increased to an unsafe level between April and July. The unit was taken offline until Aug 16 when it was pushed into service again by managers of SSH. Manufacturer of turbine, St.Petersburg metalworks gave the units a 30 years service life. Unit 2 ‘s age on day of disaster was 29 years and 10 month, which almost end its lifespan. 3.2.Unit 2 Anchoring System Failure[3] Back in operation before the time of accident, log data showed that Unit 2 turbine bearing vibration increased by factor of four within this period. It had been operating for a long period of time with the vibration level far exceeded the maximum acceptable vibration level. Visible cracks showing the propagation of fatigue cracks in attachments points of Unit 2 cover were plainly visible. After all, equipment fatigue, especially in turbine anchor bolts had been formed by excessive vibration from turbine cycling and imbalance over an extended period of time, and lead to catastrophe. 3.3.Poor Management System[6] 3.3.1.Management Team Wrong Judgement Beside technical flaw, management also held responsibility on disaster .Report issued from Russian Federal Service on October 3, 2009 blamed six official who were â€Å"conductive to the disaster†, including Anatoly Chubais, former CEO of Unified Energy Systems(UES).According to his statement posted on his website, he went on to say that the plant had been running for more than 20 years when he signed the papers and he was under pressure to make those decisions in 2000 because shutting down equipment while waiting for maintenance funding would have â€Å"meant a catastrophe for the economy of Siberia and millions of residents there.† 5 3.3.2.Negligence Ignoring to Potential Risk From July 2008 until the accident, RusHydro was managed by Vasily Zubakin, who was included in the â€Å"List of persons bearing responsibility for accident disaster prevention on Sayano-Shushenskaya† along with 18 other RusHydro executives. They were blamed for made decisions affecting the stability and security of the plant’s operation ,since the accident that were in the making for a long time, was not first time accident ever occurred in SSH. Yet the management didn’t take appropriate action on precaution measure. [3]For example, after repeatedly annual spring floods attack on 1979,1985 and 1998 ,there was a report issued by Russian Emergency Situations Ministry showed that dam walls may not be capable of withstanding pressures result from annual spring floods, yet no significant flood control structures to be constructed upstream to blunt the force of those floods. 3.3.3.No Disaster Drill or Proper Training for St aff As mentioned above, when disaster happened there was a commotion in among the employees. Most workers were fleeing included the supervisors in charge of safety and emergencies, which added to the confusion. On the fourth floor, shell-shocked midlevel operators telephoned up the chain of command for a contingency plan. All these situations proved that there wasn’t any training or drill had been held before to further staff ‘s knowledge in terms of emergency handling and safety. 3.4. Design Error of Power Plant As water level rose in turbine gallery ,employees found nowhere to escape but have to rush to main entrance. There were no any emergency exits equipped in turbine gallery. As a result, some were washed away to the river. An order to close all head gates manually by chief engineer were executed by five men. The dangerous task had been delayed and complicated due to no keys available for the room where head gate were located and need to smash the metal doors. 3.5.Financial Problems Due to budget constraints ,maintenance works couldn’t be carried out and obsolete equipment wasn’t be replaced. For examples, generators breakers were obsolete and not reliable, cracked turbine blades were not repaired or replaced. Unit 2 at the end of useful life was pushed into service again instead of replacement . Insufficient funds made it impossible to have equipment shut down while waiting for maintenance funding, which contributed to management difficulties in making decisions during emergency high demand of power. For the same reason, cost-cutting on safety had been implemented to offset budget deficit. 6 4.The Consequences[8] 4.1.The Dead and Injured According to official report, the accident led to numerous fatalities ( 75 dead, 13 injured).At the time of the accident in the territory of the SSH there were about 300 people, including repair and hired staff, most of them were workers who were working either on turbine gallery or in the flooded rooms. 4.2.Environmental Impact[8] A day after the accident, the Natural Resources Ministry of Russia claimed that an industrial oil spillage caused by disaster had spread over 80 km along the Yenisei River. The oil, used as an insulator and coolant in the plant’s transformers was released when one of the transformers exploded. According to Mikhail Kreyndlin, project director at Greenpeace Russia, told Ria Novosti that the transformer oil is low-density distillate which doesn’t sink to the bottom of river but remain as the film on surface, posing severe threat to fish by suffocations. As the matter of fact, more than 100 metric tons of oil were released and killed 400 tons of fish in downstream trout farm. It had made one of the biggest environmental scandal in the news. 4.3.Damages Cost[8] [9] [10] 4.3.1.Equipments damage cost All of the technological systems were flooded and damaged to different degrees. Cable tunnels and galleries of the tailrace in the area of generators 2, 7 ,and 9 collapsed, along with short circuit, air oil tanks displaced, and other materials. The surge of water caused electric and mechanical damage of different extents to all ten units. As per official report, materials ,spare parts and equipment cost 42.76 million rubles, transport services (including flights) was 44.68 million rubles, the collection of oily waste was 70.1 million rubles. Reconstruction of SSH plant with ten new units was expected to take about 4 years and cost about 37 billion rubles. 4.3.2.Economic damage [2] [8] The disaster had also made great impact on economic ,like contingency business interruption losses for aluminum smelters, which raised the international aluminum supply availability issue. There were approximately 500,000 tons of aluminum output losses due to the power shortage. On top of that, shut down of power plant will push up market prices in Siberia’s grid. 7 In term of energy losses,10% of Russia electricity had gone. Nedootpusk electricity for 2009 had been reduced by 8897.99 million kw.hour and Nedovyrabotka was 8950 million kw.hour. Electricity prices increased after the disaster. On top of that, trading suspended for 2 days at the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange. Compensation of 1 million rubles paid to each victim’s family and 100,000 rubles to each survivor. The community where most of the workers were housed was flooded and destroyed and being rebuilt. 5.Improvements and Prevention It’s been over a year since the terrible accident at Russia’s SSH. Based on root cause of the accident ,we can take precautionary measure and do improvement to avoid similar thing happen again in future. 5.1.Emphasize Security Sense 5.1.1.Employees Before accident, most employees showed lack of recognition of hazard, such as ignoring the aging equipment and reluctant to complain or bring up concerns .This phenomenon actually can be overcome by providing training and implementing â€Å"reward system†. Through the training , criteria can be set to let employees know when it has crossed the â€Å" need repair â€Å" stage vs â€Å"need shutdown† mode. Beside enhance their knowledge on daily use equipments , importance of safety also can be emphasized. For example, operation drill can be carried out from time to time to have them learn what actions need to be taken and what are the impacts if equipment failed. Reward system is like a campaign which encourage employees to take part in maintaining safety. For example, some riddles or mini games with appropriate prizes will do .Reward also given to them who dares to voice out their finding on safety issues, which proved to be helpful. 5.1.2.Management One of the management mistake found in disaster was the culture that places more value on the economics of power production than on human and plant equipment safety. This should be changed right from top of management to the bottom, start from mindset of directors to the implementation of policy than execution of standard operation procedures. As example, if a director prioritized safety , he will give order to subordinate officers to propose a plan which is safety related, and executed by the rest and so on. Therefore the appointment of top management such as CEO or General manager become very important issue which can’t be underestimated. 8 5.2.Equipment Improvement The plant must also install modern real-time vibration monitoring systems on each unit and have unambiguous rules for their use that do not depend on operator interaction to shut down a malfunctioning unit. Normal and emergency electric supply systems must be separated at all levels to the extent of cable routing. Critical parts list must be updated from time to time. Conclusion Similar accident is likely to occur again in future, at somewhere people putting economic concerns before human life safety factors. If it is not safe, if there is potential risk of failure, all other benefits , be they economic or environmental or anything else will be gone. As a well trained and vigilant organization which can handle any crisis or disaster in a better way, it must have disaster management plan .Regular drills and training programs ,regular preventive maintenance checks, a list of do’s and don’ts during emergency to be displayed at key locations and etc must be included in plan. A questioning and learning attitude is essential to continue improving the high level of safety standards and their effective implementation. 9 References 1. Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station Accident .Available from :http://engineeringfailures.org/?p=703#sthash.DfjpOMJd.dpuf (March 17,2012) 2. (Official Report)The Act of technical investigation into the causes of accidentat the Sayano-Shushenskaya HYDROELECTRIC STATION. Available from: http://engineeringfailures.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Sayano-Shushenskaya-Hydroelectric-Station-Accident-Report.pdf (August 17, 2009) 3. Investigating the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydro Power Plant Disaster. Available from:http://www.powermag.com/investigating-the-sayano-shushenskaya-hydro-power-plant-disaster/?pagenum=1 (January 12,2010)